Nerven- und Geisteskrankheiten. n und geschrieben. Die firsttwo sind afferenten Qualitäten der Wahrnehmung. Die beiden zweiten sind efferentqualities des Ausdrucks. Wir müssen daher vier Gruppen von Word Funktionen: (1) Diejenigen von Sound, oder auditive; (2) die Sicht- oder Visual; (3) Die Bewegungen notwendig, Worte in der Rede, vocalmotory Express und (4) vermutlich jene der Bewegungen erforderlich themby schriftliche Symbole zum Ausdruck zu bringen, Grafik Motor. Für diese vier Gruppen Wir havefour kortikalen Gebieten, wie in Abb. 1 dargestellt. 71, S. 174, wo diese wordcharacteristics hauptsächlich vertreten sind. Die Rede von

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Nervous and mental diseases . n and written. The firsttwo are afferent qualities of perception. The second two are efferentqualities of expression. We, therefore, have four groups of word func-tions : (1) Those of sound, or auditory ; (2) those of sight, or visual;(3) those of the motions necessary to express words in speech, vocalmotory and (4) probably those of the motions required to express themby written symbols, graphic motor. For these four groups we havefour cortical areas, as indicated in Fig. 71, p. 174, where these wordcharacteristics are principally represented. The speech area of the brainis an extensive one, and the faculty of speech in its various qualities issubserved by it in a general or common manner. The elements ofmotor or expressive speech, that is, vocal utterance, writing, and motorsigns and gestures, pertain more to the anterior section of the speechzone, namely, in front of the fissure of Rolando. The elements of sen-sory or receptive speech are mainly represented in the posterior portion. Fig. 71.—Speech areas in the cortex. A, Auditory; B, motor vocal speech; C, visual speech, including written characters and lip positions; D, graphic motor speech (after Wyllie). of the speech area. These word-centers are brought into mutual rela-tions by systems of connecting fibers and into relation with their corre-sponding receptive and emissive peripheral organs by afferent and effer-ent tracts. We may indicate these connections by a diagram (Fig. 72).Thus, take the word apple; when it is spoken we hear it through thetemporal lobe, and when written, we see it through the angular gyre ofthe parietal lobe. We call up combinations of muscular movements inthe third left frontal gyre when we would utter it vocally, and thoseprobably in the neighborhood of the hand-center when we would ex-press it by writing. At the present time the arbitrary and even par-tially theoretic division of the cortex into areas and depots for the SPEECH AND THE CORTEX—APHASIA

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